Assignment Project on Automatic Street Light Control System
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ABSTRACT
Smart Street light is a robotized framework which automates the road. Automatic Street lighting System is a simple, yet powerful concept, which uses LDR sensor as a switch. By using this system we can eradicate manual work at 100%. It automatically switches the lights ON when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes visible to the sensor.
By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because nowadays the manually operated street lights are not switched off even after the sunlight comes visible and also switching ON earlier before sunset. In this project no need of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting. This project clearly demonstrates the working of the transistor in a saturation region and cut-off region. The working of the relay is also known. Implementation of this project encourages digital work. Light-dependent resistor, a photo conductive device has been used as the transducer to convert light energy into electrical energy. The central dogma of the circuit is that the change in voltage drop across the light dependent resistor on illumination or darkness switches the transistor between the cut-off region or saturation region and switches OFF or ON the LED.
INTRODUCTION
Today in the world, we are transforming every technology not just to be automatic but to also be smart. The incorporation of smart systems to make the product perform various several tasks at once and not just its main function. Similarly, our smart automatic street lights should be installed in every city to minimize the involvement of manually turning ON and OFF the street light system.
In this project, we are going to make automatic street light control using LDR and relays and incorporating the system of measuring the pollution levels in the air.
The LDR will work as an automatic switch which turns on the street lights when the intensity of light decreases and turns off the lights when the intensity of light increases. Alongside, to control the light pollution caused by HPS (high pressure sodium) lamps, we have replaced them with LEDs. We have laid out the comparison between the HPS lamps and LEDs in the report.
The purpose of our project is to minimize the energy wastage, light pollution and keep track of air pollution levels in every city. Aiming towards sustainability and economic ability.
PRINCIPLE
Street light controllers are smarter versions of the mechanical or electronic timers previously used for street light ON-OFF operation. They come with energy conservation options like twilight saving, staggering or dimming. Also many street light controllers come with an astronomical clock for a particular location or a Global Positioning System (GPS) connection to give the best ON-OFF time and energy saving. Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept, which uses a transistor as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using this system manual work is removed.
It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights under illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes. By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because now-a-days the manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even when the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset. On sunny and rainy days, ON time and OFF time differ significantly which is one of the major disadvantages of using timer circuits or manuals. This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation region and cut-off region to switch ON and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an electromagnetically operated switch.
A Street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. In older lighting this function would have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on poles which have wires strung between them, or mounted on utility poles. This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation region and cut-off region to switch ON and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an electromagnetically operated switch Automatic Streetlight needs no manual operation of switching ON and OFF. The system itself detects whether there is a need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
| SR. NO. | COMPONENT | TYPE |
| A. | LDR | LIGHT SENSOR |
| B. | RESISTORS | 1K |
| C. | TRANSISTOR | 2222A |
| D. | LED | WHITE |
| E. | WIRES | COLOUR |
| F. | PCB | – |
| G. | BATTERY CONNECTOR | – |
| H. | BATTERY | 9 VOLT |
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
LDR
A photo resistor (or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photocell) is a light controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photo conductivity. A photo resistor or light dependent resistor or photocell is a light controlled variable resistor. A photo resistor can be applied in light sensitive detector circuits, and light and dark activated switching circuits. A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor.
RESISTOR’S
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow to adjust signal levels, bias active elements and terminate transmission lines among other uses.
TRANSISTORS
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. Transistors are one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics.[1] It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power,
LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
Working principal: – electroluminescence LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased (switched on) electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of ght. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency which are several times longer than incandescent lamps, and significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps, with some chips able to emit more than 100 lumens per watt. The LED lamp market is projected to grow by more than twelve fold over the next decade, from $25 billion in 2023, a compound annual growth rate…
WIRES
A wire is a single usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number.
BATTERY
A battery can be defined as an electrochemical device (consisting of one or more electrochemical cells) which can be charged with an electric current and discharged whenever required. Batteries are usually devices that are made up of multiple electrochemical cells that are connected to external inputs and outputs. Batteries are widely employed in order to power small electric devices such as mobile phones, remotes, and flashlights.
LM358
It is an Operational Amplifier IC. It is available ib 8-pin DIP Package and can be used in several configurations like Amplifier, oscillator, comparator etc.
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