HLTAID003 Provide First Aid Assessment Answers

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Assessment Detail:-

• Number of Words: 3000

 

Assessment Task 3: Theory Test

 

Question 1 – First aid in general

(a) How often are you required to undergo first aid training to maintain currency of skills and knowledge? Tick the correct answer.

1. CPR training – every 2 years; First aid training – every 3 years.
2. CPR training – every 1 years; First aid training – every 3 years.
3. CPR training – every 1 year; First aid training – every 2 years.

 

(b) Tick ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ to the following statements.

Once a first aider begins to render first aid assistance, they have a duty of care for the physical wellbeing of the casualty.	Correct	Incorrect
An employer may not direct a first aider to cease providing first aid.	Correct	Incorrect
It is not acceptable for a first aider to hand over to another person, if that person has superior first aid skills.	Correct	Incorrect
Duty of care means that a first aider must provide first aid with ‘ordinary’ skill and to the best of their ability.	Correct	Incorrect
ANZCOR guidelines facilitate a standard approach to resuscitation best practice in Australia and New Zealand.	Correct	Incorrect

 

(c) What should you do if a first aid situation is beyond your skills and limitations? Tick the correct answer.

1. Try your hardest to provide first aid based on what you think is the correct thing to do.
2. Do nothing in case you make a mistake.
3. Seek assistance from trained professionals – for example, emergency services.

 

(d) What should an organisation do to minimise risks and hazards in the workplace? Tick the four correct answers.

1. Identify hazards that may result in causing injury.
2. Make sure every hazard is eliminated no matter what the cost to the workplace.
3. Assess the type, severity and likelihood of these injuries to determine how great the risk is.
4. Only manage risks that are determined as ‘high risk’.
5. Provide relevant first aid equipment, facilities and training.
6. Review first aid requirements regularly or if circumstances change.

 

(e) Before you apply any first aid to a casualty, should you obtain consent? Tick the correct answer.

1. If the person is conscious you must obtain consent as they have a right to refuse treatment.
2. There is no need to obtain consent, the ambulance service has a duty of care to provide treatment no matter what the circumstances.
3. Consent must be obtained in every circumstance.

 

(f) How should privacy and confidentiality be maintained during and after a first aid event? Tick the four correct answers.

1. You should tell your close friends everything about the event, as it will hopefully encourage them to become first aiders.
2. During a first aid event bystanders should be removed as much as is practicable to ensure privacy.
3. Following the first aid event, you should well-wishers about the casualty’s condition.
4. Staff needing to debrief with other colleagues should do so respectfully and confidentially.
5. Incident reports should be kept in a secure place, accessible only to authorised people.
6. Details of all incidents must be discussed at staff meetings.
7. You can only release details of the incident with written consent of the person who was treated.

 

(g) Tick ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ to the following statements.

You should cover a casualty to maintain their modesty.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You should not tell the casualty the details about the extent of their injuries if they ask you.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Always reassure and calm the casualty during a first aid incident.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You don’t need to tell the casualty everything you are doing. It’s better they don’t know.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You must respect the right of the casualty to refuse first aid.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You should deal with all casualties the same way, regardless of their culture.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You think the casualty has done something stupid that resulted in their injuries. You should tell them this so they don’t do it again – it’s for their own good!	Correct o	Incorrect o

 

Question 2 – Psychological impacts and debriefing

Emergency situations may cause significant psychological impact on witnesses, families, staff and children.

 

Tick ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ to the following statements.

We all deal with stress in the same ways.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Signs of stress can include irritability, withdrawal and changes in sleep patterns.	Correct o	Incorrect o
After an incident, formal or informal debriefing by a qualified professional should be offered to all people involved in the incident.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Rest, sleep and meditation are good stress relievers.	Correct o	Incorrect o
It’s not normal to feel guilt, fear or shame after a first aid incident.	Correct o	Incorrect o
It is okay to contact ‘Lifeline’ if you are struggling to cope or deal with a first aid incident you were involved in or witnessed.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Using alcohol and other drugs as a coping mechanism can be helpful in the short term.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Debriefing after an incident helps to identify any issues with your first aid response.	Correct o	Incorrect o

 

Question 3 – Chain of survival

Number each link in the ‘Chain of survival’ in its correct order from 1–4.

 

Step number	Step in the Chain of Survival
	Early defibrillation
	Early CPR
	Early call for help
	Early advanced life support/care

 

Question 4 – Airways and breathing

(a) When maintaining an open airway in an infant, the head should be kept in a neutral position, rather than tilting back the head as you would for an adult or older child. Select the answer below that best describes the reason for this.

1. In an infant the nasal passage, trachea and windpipe are much narrower than in adults and older children.
2. The trachea is very soft and can be distorted if the head is tilted backwards.
3. The head should be supported in a neutral position with the mouth kept open with support on the chin.
4. There should be no pressure on the soft tissue of the neck.
5. All of the above.

 

(b) The backward head tilt and chin lift is used for adults and older children. Tick ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ to the following statements.

The tongue and other soft tissues may block the airway because muscles are relaxed in an unconscious person.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Without the head tilted back, the mouth will tend to fall open which may block the airway.	Correct o	Incorrect o
This position assists to keeps the airways open.	Correct o	Incorrect o
The backward head tilt position can be used for casualties with suspected spinal injury.	Correct o	Incorrect o
A casualty who is sitting upright with their head dropped down will not be in danger of a blocked airway.	Correct o	Incorrect o

 

(c) Tick ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ to the following statements about airway management.

If you notice someone has dentures, you should leave them in.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You should attend to other injuries before you attend to the unconscious casualty’s airway.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You should check for anything in the casualty’s mouth using your fingers.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You should place the casualty in the recovery position if they are unconscious and have a clear airway.	Correct o	Incorrect o
If someone is choking from a partial obstruction, you should slap them on the back.	Correct o	Incorrect o
If a person can speak or cough, it means they have a partial obstruction of the airway.	Correct o	Incorrect o
If someone is choking from a partial obstruction, you should ask them to cough.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Casualties should still be checked over by a medical profession even if the obstruction has been removed.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Conscious adults and children over 1 year of age can be given 5 back slaps, with 5 chest thrusts if unsuccessful.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You should give all 5 back slaps in one go to make sure the obstruction clears.	Correct o	Incorrect o

 

(d) Fill the gaps:

____________________________________________ for normal chest movements up and down.

____________________________________________ by putting your ear near to the casualty’s mouth.

____________________________________________ by putting hand on chest or abdomen.

 

(e) An unconscious, breathing person should be put in which position? Tick the correct answer.

1. On their back with the head tilted back.
2. In the recovery position.
3. Seated.
4. On their back with the head in a neutral position.

 

QUESTION 5 – CPR

(a) You would commence CPR in which of the following situations? Tick the two correct answers.

1. If the person is unconscious and not breathing
2. If the person is unconscious and not breathing normally
3. If the person is unconscious and breathing normally.

 

(b) Tick the criteria required for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. There are two correct answers.

1. Casualty is conscious.
2. Casualty is unresponsive/unconscious.
3. Casualty is not breathing normally.

 

(c) What should you change about your CPR technique if a patient is under 12 months old? Tick the two correct answers.

1. Use two fingers instead of two hands for compressions and give smaller breaths.
2. Use two hands over the middle of the chest.
3. Use heel of one hand on the middle of the chest.
4. Make sure the head is not tilted.

 

(d) At what depth should compressions be infants under 12 months old?

1. 5cm
2. 4cm

 

(e) What is the correct ratio of compressions to breaths when performing CPR on adults, children and infants? Tick the correct answer.

1. 20 compressions to 2 breaths at 100 compressions per minute.
2. 30 compressions to 3 breaths at 60 compressions per minute.
3. 30 compressions to 2 breaths at 100–120 compressions per minute.
4. 20 compressions to 5 breaths at 60 compressions per minute.
5. 40 compressions to 2 breaths at 100 compressions per minute.

 

(f) What should you do if a casualty vomits during CPR? Tick the correct answers.

1. Do not move them, but wipe the vomit away.
2. Immediately turn the patient onto their side into the recovery position
3. Turn them onto their stomach so the vomit can drain out.
4. Clear the airways.

 

(g) When can you cease providing CPR on a casualty? Tick the correct answers.

1. The casualty has regained consciousness.
2. You have to leave the scene for an important appointment.
3. The casualty is dead.
4. Paramedics/ambulance arrive and take over.
5. A passer-by has been watching how to perform CPR and agrees to take over from you.
6. You are physically exhausted and cannot continue.

 

(h) If you are a single rescuer performing CPR and you get exhausted, what can you do?

1. Stop CPR and wait for the ambulance.
2. Ask an untrained bystander to take over and watch them do CPR.
3. Ask an untrained bystander to assist with compressions only.
4. The first aider doing ventilations should say when they are ready to swap roles.

 

Question 6 – AEDs

(a) What is an AED? Tick the correct answer.

1. An AED is a portable device used to detect breathing.
2. An AED is a portable device used in hospitals to check for injuries.
3. An AED is a portable device that is used on any casualty over 12 months of age who requires CPR.
4. An AED is a device found in ambulances to diagnose injuries and illness.

 

(b) Does a person have to be trained to operate an AED? Tick the correct answer.

1. Yes, training is essential before operating an AED.
2. No, whilst it is preferable that a person has been trained; a PAD (public access defibrillator) may be operated by an untrained person.

 

(c) Tick ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ to the following statements.

You should only use an AED on someone who is unresponsive and not breathing normally.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Pads on an AED with paediatric capability are placed on a child in exactly the same position as on an adult.	Correct o	Incorrect o
The pads on an AED must be placed so they do not touch.	Correct o	Incorrect o
It is possible to place the pads with one on the back and one on the chest if necessary for better positioning.	Correct o	Incorrect o
An AED may be used on a child under 12 months old.	Correct o	Incorrect o
An adult AED may be used on children over 8 years of age.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Pads on an AED with paediatric capability are preferred for a child aged between 1–8 years and with a body weight up to 25 kgs.	Correct o	Incorrect o
If the pads are too large, you can place one pad on the back and one on the chest.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Someone should hold the casualty down while the AED is being used.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You should stop CPR while the AED is being prepared.	Correct o	Incorrect o
If a casualty has a pacemaker, you should make sure the AED pad is at least 8cm away.	Correct o	Incorrect o

 

Question 7 – Infection control

(a) Why is it important to wash your hands before and after administering first aid? Tick the correct answers.

1. Infection control for the casualty.
2. Infection control for the first aider.
3. Infection control for others not involved in the first aid event.

 

(b) Tick the items below that are examples of good infection control practices.

1. Cover open cuts with waterproof bandages or air-tight bandages that provide a total seal.
2. Wash surfaces down with water if they have bodily fluid on them.
3. If you get a needlestick injury, you should squeeze it so it bleeds.
4. Wear PPE to avoid coming int contact with blood or bodily fluids.
5. Use a 10% household bleach solution to clean up spills.
6. Throw needles/sharps in the rubbish bin.
7. If you get bodily fluids on an open wound, flush with warm running water and wash with soap and warm water.
8. Seek medical advice if you are exposed to bodily fluids.
9. All of the above.

 

(c) Despite your best intentions, while administering first aid to a bleeding casualty you receive a splash of blood to your arm. This contaminates both your skin and your clothing. What should you do? Tick the correct answer.

1. Remove clothing and dispose of it in a plastic bag, wash skin thoroughly in strong disinfectant and in as hot water as possible.
2. Remove clothing, wash skin with warm soapy water, rinse clothing in cold water and wash as normal.
3. Rub off blood with a towel and change clothing after you return home.

 

Question 8 – Primary and secondary surveys

(a) What is meant by the ‘Primary Survey’? Tick the correct answer.

(1) The first time a first aider looks at the casualty.

(2) Life threatening first aid response is conducted first using DRSABCD.

(3) The first aider is to check for breathing first.

(4) Severe bleeding is controlled before other first aid response.

 

(b) What is the secondary survey? Tick the correct answer.

(1) A systematic check of the casualty from head to toes to identify any injuries and abnormalities that are not obvious to the first aider.

(2) Asking someone for a second opinion on the casualty’s condition.

(3) Checking each major part of the body twice.

 

(c) Write down what each word in the acronym below means:

A______________________________________________________________________

M_________________________________________________________________

P_________________________________________________________________

L_________________________________________________________________

E_________________________________________________________________

 

(d) There are a number of things you can do as part of a visual and verbal assessment. Tick the six things that can be done when checking a casualty.

(1) Ask the casualty how well they can see.

(2) Look for visual signs of injuries.

(3) Look for medical bracelets.

(4) Look for medication, drugs or poisons.

(5) Look for signs of bleeding and obvious injury.

(6) Ask the casualty if they feel any pain.

(7) Use a tactile survey (touch) if the casualty is unconscious.

(8) Look to see if there is anyone else nearby who can help with the casualty.

(9) Work from the toes up to the head when the casualty is unconscious.

(10) All of the above.

 

(e) What regions of the body do you need to check during a visual assessment?

(1) Head and spine

(2) Head, spine, chest, abdomen, limbs and pelvic region

(3) Ears, ears, nose throat

(4) Legs, spine and head

(5) Pelvic region, head and spine

(6) Abdomen, head and spine

 

Question 9 – Loss of consciousness and head injuries

(a) Which of the following may cause a loss of consciousness in a casualty?

(1) Lack of blood circulation

(2) Lack of oxygen in the blood

(3) Problems with metabolism – for example, from diabetes or poisoning

(4) Problems with nervous system – for example, from head injury, epilepsy.

(5) All of the above.

 

(b) Tick ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ to the following statements.

You don’t need to check for a response if someone appears to be unconscious.	Correct o	Incorrect o
A casualty who has been unconscious for only a very short time needs to be assessed by a medical practitioner.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Concussion will never lead to brain swelling and bleeding within the skull.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Grasp and squeeze the shoulders of an unconscious casualty to try and get a response.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Aspirin should be given following a head injury.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Unconscious casualties will need to be put into the recovery position to protect their airway.	Correct o	Incorrect o
A build up of pressure on the brain is called cerebral compression.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Where the neck is involved in a head or spinal injury, you should not support the casualty’s head and neck with your hands.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You will need to do a visual and tactile (touch) survey on an unconscious casualty.	Correct o	Incorrect o
If a casualty has a major head injury, you should assume there is potential for a spinal injury.	Correct o	Incorrect o
A casualty with a head injury may vomit.	Correct o	Incorrect o

 

Question 10 – First aid management procedures, signs and symptoms

In the following table, tick at least three signs and symptoms (Column 1, unless it says NA) and at least three first aid procedures (Column 2) for each injury/illness..

 

Possible signs and symptoms	First aid procedures
a)     Severe abdominal injury in a conscious casualty.
¨  Pain at site of injury/nausea and/or vomiting. ¨  Severe headache. ¨  Shock. ¨  Rigidity/distension of the stomach. ¨  Flaccid stomach. ¨  Difficulty breathing normally/grunting. ¨  Euphoria. ¨  Dark and smelly stools, dark brown urine. ¨  Protruding intestines.	¨  DRSABCD. ¨  Call 000. ¨  Do not allow casualty to lie down – sit with both knees drawn up for pain relief – assess injury. ¨  Lie casualty down – draw up both knees for relief of pain and spasm – assess injury. ¨  Attempt to replace visible intestines – control bleeding and bind wound tightly. ¨  Do not attempt to replace visible intestines – control bleeding and cover wound. ¨  Bind wound tightly. ¨  Loosen tight clothing. ¨  Place ice on wound and keep casualty as cool as possible. ¨  Cover casualty with a blanket but do not overheat. ¨  Do not allow casualty to eat, drink or smoke.
b)    Superficial frost bite.
¨  Numbness to area/prickling pain to the affected area. ¨  Skin is white or a mottled blue colour. ¨  Skin is blue or black. ¨  Skin feels hard. ¨  Skin feels flaccid. ¨  Impaired movement of affected body part.	¨  Call 000. ¨  Get the person out of the cold/move into sheltered area. ¨  Do not move the person. Cover with blankets to reheat body. ¨  Remove clothing from affected area. ¨  Keep clothing in place – do not remove from affected area. ¨  Rewarm the affected area as soon as possible but slowly. Use body heat or water no more than 42°C to bring the affected area back to normal temperature. Do not rub the tissue, do not use radiant heat. ¨  Heat the affected area immediately raising body temperature as quickly as possible. Use as much heat as the casualty is able to withstand. ¨  Elevate affected limbs to reduce pain and swelling.
c)     Crush injuries – heavy equipment falls on a casualty trapping and crushing them. The casualty is conscious.
N/A	¨  Check for Dangers. Ensure area is safe to perform first aid/Call 000. ¨  If it is safe and physically possible, remove heavy equipment as soon as possible. ¨  Do not remove the crushing force – leave until emergency crew arrives. ¨  Treat any bleeding and keep casualty warm and comfortable. ¨  Use a tourniquet to prevent toxins from building-up in the body. ¨  Do not use a tourniquet for crush injuries.
d)    Diabetes – a moderately severe hypoglycaemia attack in a conscious casualty.
¨  Weak, light-headed and/ or giddy/mental confusion. ¨  Flushed, dry skin. ¨  Fruity smell on the breath. ¨  Cold, pale, moist skin. ¨  Slow pulse. ¨  Rapid pulse. ¨  Consciousness deteriorating.	¨  DRSABCD. ¨  Give easily absorbed carbohydrate – for example, honey, jelly beans etc. ¨  Give the casualty insulin. ¨  Give the casualty ‘diet’ drink containing artificial sweetener. ¨  Supervise until recovered. ¨  Seek medical assistance.
e)     Dislocation of a finger.
¨  Numb finger. ¨  Pain in the joint. ¨  Disfigured joint. ¨  Loss of function. ¨  Able to use finger but use causes pins and needles.	¨  Attempt to pop the joint back into place. ¨  Do not attempt to correct the dislocation/ check for circulation. ¨  Use RICER technique. ¨  Do not use ice as this will cause too much pain. ¨  Immobilise in a position that is most comfortable. ¨  Check for circulation.
f)     Near drowning where the casualty is found not breathing in the water.
¨  Not breathing. ¨  Lungs will always be full of water/vomit. ¨  Vomiting. ¨  Distended stomach.		¨  Follow DRSABCD and call 000 as soon as possible. ¨  Remove casualty from water if possible. Do not attempt to rescue a drowning victim from water beyond own swimming ability. ¨  Roll onto back during initial checking and clearing of the airway – check for breathing. ¨  Roll onto side during initial checking and clearing of the airway – check for breathing. ¨  Push on the stomach to assist with regurgitation of swallowed water. ¨  Do not attempt to empty stomach if distended.
g)    Heat exhaustion in conscious casualty.
¨  Exposure to high temperature. ¨  History of overwork and late nights. ¨  Heat cramps – severe muscle pain, particularly in legs and abdomen. ¨  Heat cramps – severe muscle pain, particularly in chest, arms and shoulders. ¨  Faintness/dizziness/weakness. ¨  Vomiting/diarrhoea.		¨  Remove casualty from source of heat and keep in the shade. ¨  Place in a bath of ice, or cover with ice to reduce temperature as quickly as possible. ¨  Remove excess clothing and loosen clothing and lie the casualty down. ¨  Encourage casualty to drink as much water as possible. ¨  Give casualty sips of water. ¨  Apply cool face washer or spray with an atomiser spray and cool by fanning. ¨  Keep casualty moving so they do not go to sleep.

 

 

h)     Foreign particle in the eye.
¨  Very dry, itchy eye. ¨  Watering eye. ¨  Staring gaze. ¨  Constant blinking or unable to open eye. ¨  Swollen, red eyes. ¨  Headaches.	¨  Sit the casualty down looking towards the light and try to locate the particle by examining eye and lids. ¨  Ask casualty to rub eye hard to attempt to remove foreign particle. ¨  Remove any object penetrating from the eye with tweezers. ¨  If object is visible remove with corner of damp cloth. ¨  If unable to remove – or can’t find it, provide eye wash with sterile saline or clean water. ¨  If unable to remove, cover with gauze dressing and tell them to leave it on for 48 hours. If not better by then, see medical practitioner.
i)      Bleeding from the ear.
N/A	¨  Call 000 immediately as bleeding from the ear is always caused by fracture of the skull. ¨  Assist the casualty into a position of most comfort. This is usually a sitting or lying position. ¨  Bleeding from the ear, if there is no clear fluid evident, is never serious – place sterile dressing on the ear and casualty can resume normal activities. ¨  If available, place eardrops in affected ear and plug with cotton wool. ¨  Lightly cover with a sterile dressing, or clean pad. ¨  Do not plug the ear. ¨  Tilt the head with bleeding ear uppermost so that too much blood is not lost.
j)      Cuts and abrasions on legs and knees from falling onto asphalt.
N/A	¨  Clean the wound with sterile gauze and apply antiseptic. ¨  Scrub the wound to remove any embedded dirt. ¨  If there is embedded dirt clean as well as possible then apply a surfactant antiseptic. ¨  Leave wound uncovered so that it dries out. ¨  Cover wound with non-stick sterile dressing. ¨  Apply a tourniquet.

 

 

k)     Someone has stepped on a used hypodermic needle.
N/A	¨  Do not wash wound so studies can be done for infectious diseases. ¨  Wash wound immediately with soapy water – or alcohol-based hand rub. ¨  Arrange for casualty to go straight to hospital or doctor for blood tests. ¨  Place plaster on wound and advise casualty to visit the doctor as soon as possible if they experience any signs of illness. ¨  Contact user of the needle if known to arrange for them to undergo blood tests.
l)      Exposure to cold – hypothermia.
¨  Exposure to extreme cold. ¨  History of feeling cold and having bad circulation. ¨  Complaints of coldness and tiredness/physical and mental lethargy/slurred speech, shivering. ¨  Casualty mistakenly thinks they are too hot and may attempt to remove clothing. ¨  Pale, cool skin. ¨  Slow irregular pulse and high blood pressure. ¨  Very fast pulse with low blood pressure. ¨  Muscle stiffness.	¨  DRSABCD. ¨  Move casualty from cold environment and lie casualty flat. ¨  Give a tot of rum or whiskey. ¨  Keep casualty moving to warm their body. ¨  Do not remove wet clothing under any circumstances. Cover with dry, warm blankets. ¨  Remove sources of heat loss – for example, contact with cold surfaces, wind, wet clothes (only if there are dry blankets or suitable covers around). ¨  Give warm drinks (not alcohol). ¨  Apply a source of external heat such as heat pack or body to body contact.
m)   Shock.
¨  Dizziness, confusion and deterioration of consciousness, nausea or vomiting – possible collapse. ¨  A casualty in shock will never vomit. ¨  Muscle weakness, restlessness and possibly anxiety. ¨  Thirst. ¨  Shortness of breath with very slow breathing. ¨  Cold sweaty skin that may appear pale – complains of feeling cold. ¨  Hot, dry itchy skin that appears reddened. ¨  Rapid breathing.	¨  Control any bleeding with direct pressure. ¨  Ensure the casualty is comfortable preferably lying down with legs elevated. ¨  Make comfortable, ensuring the legs are lower than the heart. ¨  Ask casualty to breath into a brown paper bag. ¨  Provide oxygen if available and trained to do so. ¨  Keep casualty very cool. ¨  DRSABCD – if unconscious, follow basic life support chart. ¨  Give alcoholic drink.

 

n)     Stroke.
¨  Facial weakness, arm weakness and speech difficulty. ¨  Severe chest pain. ¨  Droopy mouth on both sides of the face. ¨  Numbness, paralysis of the face, arm or leg. ¨  Difficulty speaking or understanding and difficulty swallowing. ¨  Talking uncontrollably – highly agitated. ¨  Dizziness, loss of balance/visual disturbances. ¨  Severe and abrupt onset headache.	¨  DRSABCD – provide oxygen if available and trained. ¨  Place casualty in a cool bath. ¨  Stay with the casualty and provide reassurance. ¨  Loosen tight clothing and assist casualty to rest in half sitting position. ¨  Give casualty a nice cup of tea. ¨  Do not give anything to eat or drink. ¨
o)    Epileptic seizure.
¨  Jerking movements of the head, arms and/or legs which may result in loss of consciousness. ¨  Controlled rhythmical movements of arms, legs or body. ¨  Salivation/frothing of the mouth. ¨  Lucid memory of the seizure after it has finished. ¨  Possible loss of bladder and bowel control. ¨  Confusion.	¨  DRSABCD. ¨  Ensure the casualty is not in danger. Remove objects which may cause injury and use pillows to soften surfaces if possible. ¨  Put something in the person’s mouth so they do not swallow their tongue. ¨  Restrain the casualty so they cannot hurt themselves. ¨  Lay the casualty down and turn victim on the side as soon as possible when the seizure is over. ¨  Give the casualty honey or jelly beans as they recover. ¨  Reassure casualty following seizure, explaining what has happened to them.
p)    Heart attack.
¨  Severe squeezing type pain in the chest area only. ¨  Pain or discomfort in any or all of chest, neck, throat, jaw, shoulders, back, arms, wrists and/or hands – tightness, heaviness, fullness or squeezing. ¨  Flushed appearance with dry skin. ¨  Pale skin/sweating. ¨  Shortness of breath/nausea or vomiting. ¨  Dizziness or light-headedness. ¨  Drooping mouth.	¨  DRSABCD. ¨  Encourage casualty to stop what they are doing and rest in comfortable position. ¨  Ask casualty to walk around slowly to find out whether the pain worsens. ¨  Assist casualty with prescribed medication that may assist such as angina table, oral spray etc. ¨  Leave casualty so that you can meet the ambulance and tell them about the condition of the casualty. ¨  Administer oxygen therapy if trained to do so. ¨  Offer the casualty a cup of tea.

 

 

q)    Suspected spinal injury.
¨  Pain in the injured area with tingling and numbness in limbs and area below injury. ¨  Casualty totally unable to move arms and legs. ¨  Erection in unconscious male. ¨  Tingling in the spinal area above location of the injury. ¨  Nausea/headache/dizziness. ¨  Uncontrolled bleeding. ¨  Loss of limb functions and/or head or neck in abnormal position. ¨  Loss of bladder or bowel control.	¨  DRSABCD. ¨  Support head and neck. ¨  Do not give resuscitation unless you can do so without moving the casualty. ¨  Give sugary drink or jelly beans. ¨  Handle casualty carefully to ensure harm minimisation. ¨  Move casualty into the recovery position with head turned to the side in case of vomiting.
r)      Febrile convulsion.
¨  Epileptic type seizure in child aged under 12. ¨  Epileptic type seizure in child aged under four. ¨  Hot and sweaty skin which is flushed. ¨  Cold dry skin which is pale. ¨  Rolling or upturned eyes – may develop projectile vomiting. ¨  Caused by fever, such as cold, throat infection or urinary tract infection. ¨  Caused by over-heating (for example, sitting in the sun for too long).	¨  Remove unnecessary clothing. ¨  Wrap child up in blanket to keep warm. ¨  Turn onto side to protect airway. ¨  Pick child up and hold tight so the child is not injured. ¨  Seek urgent medical advice if convulsion lasts longer than 10 minutes.

 

Question 11 – Heatstroke

(a) Heat exhaustion and heatstroke present with the same symptoms. Which one of the below items tells you that a person is suffering from heatstrokerather than heat exhaustion?

(1) After half an hour they are not getting any better

(2) After several minutes they are not showing signs of improvement

(3) They are walking around okay but still feel a bit unwell.

(4) They are able to stand and talk to you clearly.

 

(b) Tick the symptoms shown by a person with heatstroke.

(1) Coughing

(2) Coma

(3) Seizures

(4) Sneezing

(5) Hives, welts and redness over the body

(6) Abnormal walking

(7) Swelling of the lips

(8) Incoherent speech

(9) Confusion

 

(c) The first aid procedures below are imperative for athletes suffering from heatstroke. Fill in the blanks to indicate what steps must be taken.

• • __________________________________ as much clothing as possible
  • __________________________________ with any available water
  • __________________________________ vigorously by whatever means possible – improvise e.g. use a clipboard, bin lid.
  • When available, cool or ice water immersion is the most effective cooling means possible:
  • __________________________________ the athlete up to the neck in a cool or ice bath OR
  • __________________________________ all of the body with ice water soaked towels that are changed frequently as an alternative if a bath isn’t available but ice is
  • __________________________________ to summon emergency services, but do so once you are certain first aid cooling is being implemented.

 

Question 12 – Bites, stings and poisons

(a) Pressure immobilisation treatment (PIT) is often used to treat bite and stings – however in some cases it is not recommended. In the table below:

• identify the type of animal
• indicate whether the pressure immobilisation technique, vinegar or an ice pack should be used to treat the sting or bite of this creature (circle the correct answer).

 

	Type of animal or insect	Treatment (circle)
		PIT Ice pack Vinegar
		PIT Ice pack Vinegar
		PIT Ice pack Vinegar
		PIT Ice pack Vinegar
		PIT Ice pack Vinegar
		PIT Ice pack Vinegar
		PIT Ice pack Vinegar
		PIT Ice pack Vinegar
		PIT Ice pack Vinegar
		PIT Ice pack Vinegar

 

(b) Where can you obtain authoritative first aid advice about poisons? Tick the two correct answers.

(1) Ask your work colleague

(2) Your state’s Poisons Information Centre

(3) Safety data sheet

(4) Local library.

 

(c) Tick ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ to the following statements.

A child who has swallowed sleeping pills who is conscious but drowsy should be made to vomit.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Vomit does not need to be sent with the patient for analysis at the hospital, even if the source of the poison is not known.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Milk or ice cream should be given to people who have swallowed corrosives.	Correct o	Incorrect o
People who have swallowed non-corrosive poison should be given a glass of salty water to take to induce vomiting.	Correct o	Incorrect o

 

Question 13 – Fractures

(a) A greenstick fracture is…

(1) Most likely to occur in an adult.

(2) Most likely to occur in a child.

(3) Most often caused by falling from trees.

(4) Where the bone breaks all the way through.

 

(b) Indicate whether the following fractures present a risk of infection. Circle the correct answer – Yes or No?

Type of fracture	Risk of infection
Fracture where the skin around the fracture is not broken	YES     NO
Fracture where the bone protrudes through the skin	YES      NO

 

(c) What is a ‘complicated’ fracture? Tick the correct answer.

(1) A fracture where the bone breaks in more than one place.

(2) A fracture that involves injuries to other organs and/or nerves as a result of the fracture.

(3) A fracture where medical assistance is not available.

(4) All of the above.

 

(d) What are the signs and symptoms of someone who may have a fracture? Tick the correct answers.

(1) Pain and tenderness at affected area.

(2) The injured part is difficult or impossible to move.

(3) Loss of power.

(4) Protruding bone.

(5) Deformity.

 

(e) The following table lists the steps in managing a fracture. Put these steps in the correct order by placing numbers in the box next to each step.

Steps to manage a fracture	Step number
If you have called an ambulance keep them still until they arrive
Support injury with your hands until properly immobilised
Don’t let the casualty drink or eat as they may need surgery
Reassure the casualty and tell them to keep still
Only move the casualty if they are in direct danger
Treat for shock

 

Question 14 – Vital signs

(a) What is the normal resting heart rate range for a four-year-old child? Tick the correct answer.

1. 60–80 beats per minute.
2. 80–100 beats per minute.
3. 100–120 beats per minute.

 

(b) What is the normal resting heart rate range for an adult? Tick the correct answer.

1. 60–80 beats per minute.
2. 80–100 beats per minute.
3. 100–120 beats per minute.

 

(c) What is the normal resting heart rate range for a newborn? Tick the correct answer.

1. 60–80 beats per minute.
2. 80–100 beats per minute.
3. 100–120 beats per minute
4. 120–160 beats per minute

 

(d) What is the normal respiration rate for an infant aged 1–12 months? Tick the correct answer.

1. 25–40 breaths per minute.
2. 20–30 breaths per minute.
3. 16–20 breaths per minute.
4. 5–15 breaths per minute.

 

(e) What is the normal respiration rate for a newborn? Tick the correct answer.

1. 25–40 breaths per minute.
2. 20–30 breaths per minute.
3. 40–60 breaths per minute.
4. 25–35 breaths per minute.

 

(f) What is the normal respiration rate for a four-year-old child? Tick the correct answer.

1. 20–30 breaths per minute.
2. 25–30 breaths per minute.
3. 35–45 breaths per minute.
4. 40–60 breaths per minute.

 

Question 15 – Asthma, Allergic reaction and Anaphylaxis

(a) Tick the triggers that may cause an allergic reaction.

1. Peanuts
2. Tree nuts
3. Cow’s milk
4. Eggs
5. Wheat
6. Fish
7. Shellfish
8. Soy
9. Sesame
10. Medications
11. Insect bites and stings

 

(b) Tick the signs and symptoms of a mild to moderate allergic

1. Difficult and noisy breathing
2. Wheezing or persistent cough
3. Swelling of the face
4. Hives, welts and redness over the body
5. Swelling or tightness of the throat
6. Difficulty talking
7. Persistent dizziness
8. Loss of consciousness
9. Pale and floppy in young children
10. Abdominal pain and vomiting
11. Swelling of the lips
12. Swelling of the eyes

 

(c) Tick the signs and symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction.

1. Difficult and noisy breathing
2. Wheezing or persistent cough
3. Difficulty talking and hoarse voice
4. Swelling of the face
5. Hives, welts and redness over the body
6. Swelling or tightness of the throat
7. Difficulty talking
8. Persistent dizziness
9. Loss of consciousness
10. Pale and floppy in young children
11. Abdominal pain and vomiting
12. Swelling of the lips
13. Swelling of the eyes

 

(d) The following table lists the steps in managing a casualty with an anaphylaxis reaction. Put these steps in the correct order by placing numbers in the box next to each step.

Steps to manage an anaphylaxis reaction	Step number
Transfer casualty to hospital for at least 4 hours of observation
Lay casualty flat – do not allow to stand and walk.
Phone family/emergency contact.
Call ambulance.
Further adrenalin dose may be given if no response after 5 minutes.
Give EpiPen or EpiPen Jr adrenaline auto-injector.

 

(e) Tick ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ to the following statements.

An adrenalin auto-injector is the only treatment for a severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis	Correct o	Incorrect o
Mild to moderate allergic reactions will not turn into anaphylaxis.	Correct o	Incorrect o
Anti-histamines are the treatment for a mild to moderate allergic reaction in most cases	Correct o	Incorrect o

 

(f) Tick the items from the following list that are possible triggers of asthma.

1. Colds and flu/illness.
2. Cigarette smoke.
3. Exercise.
4. Inhaled allergens (pollens, moulds, animal dander, dust mites).
5. Environmental factors (dust, pollution, wood smoke, bush fires).
6. Changes in temperature and weather.
7. Medications.
8. Chemicals and strong smells.
9. Emotions – laughter, stress etc.
10. Some foods and food preservatives.

 

(g) Which items from the following list are signs/symptoms of asthma? Tick the five correct answers.

1. Dry, irritating cough/chest tightness.
2. Bleeding from the nose.
3. Shortness of breath/wheezing.
4. Hives, welts and redness over body.
5. Pale and sweaty skin.
6. High fever.
7. Blue discolouration around the lips.

 

(h) How should asthma medication be administered for someone who is suffering an asthma attack? Tick the correct answer.

1. Ten puffs of medication with four breaths in between each puff – administered every four minutes until improved.
2. Four puffs of medication with one breath in between each puff – administered every ten minutes until improved.
3. Four puffs of medication with four breaths in between each puff – administered every four minutes until improved.

 

(i) During an asthma attack, when should you call an ambulance? Tick the correct answers.

1. If it is the first time the child has had an asthma attack.
2. If you have administered medication following the 4x4x4 method and the child has not improved.
3. If the child’s condition deteriorates rapidly.

 

Question 16 – RICER

(a) What does the acronym RICER stand for?

R ________________________________________________________________

I _________________________________________________________________

C ________________________________________________________________

E ________________________________________________________________

R ________________________________________________________________

 

(b) When is the RICER procedure used? Tick the correct answer.

1. When a person feels faint
2. Sprains and strains
3. Fractured bones
4. Severe headache
5. To stop bleeding.

 

(c) How long should an ice compress be applied for? Tick the correct answer.

1. Until the pain has gone.
2. 20 minutes every two hours for up to 24 hours.
3. 40 minutes every four hours for up to 48 hours.
4. 30 minutes every three hours for up to 12 hours.

 

Question 17 – Bleeding

(a) What is the correct treatment for nose bleed? Tick the correct answer.

1. Sit with head forward, apply direct pressure for 10–30 minutes.
2. Sit with head forward, apply direct pressure for 10 minutes only, ask casualty to blow their nose to check whether bleeding has stopped.
3. Sit with head forward, apply direct pressure for 10 minutes only, place hot compress to back of neck.

 

(b) A casualty is bleeding profusely from a large gaping cut. What action should you take? Tick the correct answer.

1. Wrap up loosely in a towel to absorb the blood.
2. Apply a tourniquet to reduce blood flow.
3. Hold wound downwards to drain.
4. Press skin edges together and apply direct pressure with pad and bandage, elevate.

 

Question 18 – Burns

(a) Which of the following burns are considered to be serious, requiring urgent medical care? Tick the correct answers.

1. Deep burns.
2. Superficial burns involving 9% of the body for an adult and 5% for a child.
3. Superficial burns involving 5% of the body for an adult and 3% for a child.
4. Superficial burn of the index finger on a 10-year-old child.
5. Superficial burn to the genitalia of a 30-year-old woman.
6. Burns to the airway, hands, feet and armpits.
7. Inhalation burns.
8. Superficial burn to the right leg between the top of the calf and groin on an adult.
9. All of the above.

 

(b) Someone you work with has spilled boiling water over their body. For how long should you irrigate the affected area? Tick the correct answer.

1. 30 minutes.
2. 10 minutes.
3. 15 minutes.
4. 20 minutes.

 

(c) The person who has spilled boiling water over their body is now very cold and shivering. You have been irrigating the burn with cool water for only five minutes. What should you do? Tick the correct answer.

1. Continue to irrigate until 20 minutes have passed.
2. Give them a blanket.
3. Irrigate with warm water instead of cool.
4. Stop irrigating.

 

(d) Tick ‘Correct’ or ‘Incorrect’ to the following statements.

If burn is caused by bitumen, you should immediately remove bitumen from the casualty’s skin to save them from further burns.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You should use your bare hands to remove contaminated clothing from a casualty who has suffered a chemical burn.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You should immediately run cool tap water directly onto the chemical burn area for at least one hour or until the stinging stops.	Correct o	Incorrect o
You should refer to the safety data sheet or instructions on the container for specific treatment.	Correct o	Incorrect o